Sjogren's syndrome is an inflammatory condition in which the immune system destroys cells in exocrine glands, most commonly the tear and salivary glands. It is a lifelong condition. There are two types:
Primary Sjogren's Syndrome
–occurs alone
Secondary Sjogren's Syndrome
–occurs with other rheumatic conditions such as
arthritis
,
scleroderma
, or
systemic lupus erythrematosis
(lupus)
The causes of Sjogren's syndrome are unknown. Contributing factors may include:
- Viral infections
- Heredity
- Hormones
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of getting a disease or condition.
Risk factors for Sjogren's syndrome include:
- Sex: Female
- Age: 40-60 years old
- Other rheumatic or autoimmune diseases
Symptoms may include:
- Red, burning, itching, and/or dry eyes
- Dry mouth
- Difficulty swallowing
- Loss of taste and smell
- Dry skin, nose, throat, and/or lungs
- Swollen salivary glands
- Severe dental cavities caused by dry mouth
- Oral yeast infections
- Vaginal dryness
- Skin rashes
- Joint and muscle pain
- Fatigue
In some cases, other parts of the body are affected as well. These include:
- Blood vessels
- The nervous system
- Organs such as the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and thyroid
Due to the systemic nature of this disease, you may have to see several specialist doctors before a final diagnosis is made. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.
Tests may include:
Blood Tests
–including rheumatoid factor and other tests used to detect and monitor autoimmune diseases
Chest X-ray
–a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, in this case the lungs
LipBiopsy
–removal of a sample of lip tissue to look for inflammation in the accessory salivary glands located there
Schirmer Test
–placement of small pieces of paper between the lower eyelid and eyeball to see how much moisture is being produced
Slit-lamp Examination
–a detailed exam of the eye with an adjustable light
Urine Test
–to check kidney function
There is no cure for Sjogren's syndrome and no treatment that can restore the ability of the glands to produce moisture. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms.
Treatments include:
- Artificial tears, artificial saliva, and vaginal lubricants can help relieve dryness
- Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may relieve joint and muscle pain
- Pilocarpine may help relieve ocular and oral dryness
- Steroids to relieve inflammation and swelling
- Methotrexate as a steroid sparing agent
- Mild exercise can help relieve joint stiffness.
- Sipping liquids frequently and sucking on sugar-free candies can relieve dry mouth.
- Brushing, flossing, and seeing your dentist regularly can prevent cavities.
- Using nonscented moisturizers can help relieve dry skin.
While Sjogren's syndrome is generally a benign condition, people with severe cases are at increased risk for developing
lymphoma
, a cancer of the white blood cells. Your doctor will need to monitor you closely for this possibility.
There are no guidelines for preventing Sjogren's syndrome because the cause is unknown.
Last reviewed November 2006 by Jill Landis, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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