Definition

A vaginal yeast infection is caused by a yeast fungus called Candida albicans. Although yeast is always in the vagina, it can overgrow and cause the uncomfortable symptoms of a yeast infection.

Vagina

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Causes

Yeast grows in conditions that are less acidic. Yeast infections occur when mildly acidic vaginal fluids become less acidic. Yeast infections also result from any condition that causes a decrease in the "good" bacteria that help keep yeast levels in check.

Risk Factors

These factors increase your chance of developing a yeast infection. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors:

  • Situations that can cause hormonal changes:
    • Birth control pills
    • Pregnancy
    • Menopause
    • Steroid use
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Diabetes, especially when blood sugar is not well-controlled
  • A compromised immune system, such as with HIV infection
  • Perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, deodorant tampons, or bubble bath
  • Tight jeans, synthetic underwear, or a wet swimsuit
  • Douching

Symptoms

If you have any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to a yeast infection. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if you have any of these:

  • Vaginal itching, ranging from mild to severe
  • A clumpy, vaginal discharge that may look like cottage cheese
  • Vaginal soreness, irritation, or burning
  • Rash or redness on the skin outside the vagina
  • Painful urination
  • Painful sexual intercourse

Diagnosis

Your doctor will take a history and perform a pelvic exam. Any vaginal discharge will be tested.

It is important to see a doctor the first time you have symptoms. Other infections, including bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis, have symptoms like those of a yeast infection. If you had a yeast infection before and are sure it is the same infection again, it is safe to use over-the-counter antifungal medications. Talk to your doctor if you have any doubt.

Treatment

Over-the-counter Medications

Various antifungal medications are available:

  • Monistat (miconazole nitrate)
  • Gyne-Lotrimin (clotrimazole vaginal)
  • Fem-stat (butoconazole vaginal)
  • Terazol (terconazole vaginal)
  • Mycelex (clotrimazole vaginal)

These are available as intravaginal creams, tablets, or suppositories. The treatments come in a one-day, three-day, or seven-day pack. Some of these are over-the-counter, and some require a prescription (eg, Terazol).

Prescription Medications

Your doctor can prescribe fluconazole (Diflucan), an oral medication. Diflucan is a single-dose treatment. If you are pregnant, talk with your doctor before using any treatment.

Prevention

To help reduce your chance of getting a yeast infection, take the following steps:

  • Dry the outside vaginal area thoroughly after a shower, bath, or swim.
  • Change out of a wet bathing suit or damp workout clothes as soon as possible.
  • Wear cotton underwear.
  • Avoid tight-fitting clothing.
  • Don't douche unless your doctor tells you to do so. Douching may disturb the vaginal balance. This decreases the normal acidity of vaginal secretions.
  • If you have diabetes, try and control your blood sugar.
  • Avoid bubble baths, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, and scented soap.
  • Avoid frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics if possible.
  • Consider adding yogurt to your diet. Some women find that eating yogurt daily prevents yeast overgrowth.
  • Some women with chronic yeast infections find that cutting down on alcohol, sugar, caffeine, and refined carbohydrates helps as well.